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H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, has shown an increasing ability to infect mammals, raising concerns about its potential threat to human health. While primarily a disease of birds, H5N1 has demonstrated its capacity to cross species barriers and adapt to new hosts.

 Mammalian Infections

H5N1 has demonstrated its capacity to cross species barriers and adapt to new hosts.

H5N1 has been detected in a wide range of mammalian species.

The primary route of infection for mammals appears to be through direct or indirect contact with infected birds, including consumption of infected poultry or exposure to contaminated environments.

Human Infections

While human infections with H5N1 remain relatively rare, they can be severe:

• Between 2003 and November 2024, the World Health Organization recorded 948 confirmed human cases of H5N1 influenza, resulting in 464 deaths.
• When H5N1 infects humans, it typically replicates in the lower respiratory tract, causing viral pneumonia.

Ongoing Research and Surveillance

Scientists are actively studying the evolving nature of H5N1:

• Research is focused on understanding how recent genetic changes in the virus affect its ability to switch to mammalian hosts, including humans.

• Continuous surveillance is essential to monitor the virus’s adaptations and mitigate the risk of a potential global pandemic.

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